环氧树脂固化剂的常见类型及其固化机理

Quick answer: A strong printing-ink formulation is usually the one that keeps process stability and final print quality in balance, rather than over-optimizing only one part of the press behavior.

本文简要概述了环氧树脂固化剂的常见类型及其固化机理。

包括脂肪族二胺和多胺、芳香族多胺、其他含氮化合物和改性脂肪族胺。伯胺和仲胺对环氧树脂的固化作用是通过氮原子上的活性氢打开环氧基团，使其交联固化。脂肪族多胺如乙二胺、己二胺、二乙烯三胺、三乙烯四胺、二乙胺基丙胺等活性较高，可使环氧树脂在室温下交联固化；而芳香族多胺活性较低，如间苯二胺，可在 150℃下固化。

2、酸性固化剂。包括有机酸、酸酐、三氟化硼及其络合物。二元酸及其酸酐如顺丁烯二酸酐、邻苯二甲酸酐可以固化环氧树脂，但必须在较高温度下烘烤才能完全固化。酸酐首先与环氧树脂中的羟基反应生成单酯，单酯中的羧基与环氧基发生加成和酯化反应生成双酯。

3、加成成型固化剂。这类固化剂与环氧树脂发生加成反应构成固化产物链段的一部分，并通过渐进聚合反应使线性分子交联成主体结构分子，这类固化剂又称为瓜子型固化剂。

4、催化固化剂。这类固化剂只对环氧树脂起引发作用，打开环氧基团，催化环氧树脂自身聚合成网状结构，生成以醚键为主要结构的均聚物。

5、表观固化剂的类型 对于一般使用的固化剂，可分为加成聚合型和催化型。加成聚合型即打开环氧基环进行加成聚合反应，固化剂本身参与三维网络结构。这类固化剂如加入量过少，反应结束时固化产物连接到环氧基上。因此，对于这类固化剂，有一个合适的用量；而催化固化剂是以阳离子方式，或阴离子方式使环氧基团加环聚合，固化剂不参与网状结构，因此没有等效反应的合适用量。但增加用量会使固化速度加快。在显型固化剂中，双氰胺、己二酸二酰肼这类品种，在常温下不溶于环氧树脂，而在高温下溶解后开始固化反应，因此也呈现潜伏状态，故可称为功能性潜伏固化剂。

6、潜伏固化剂是指与环氧树脂混合后在室温条件下相对长期稳定的固化剂。一般要求 3 个月以上才有较大的实用价值，理想的需要半年或 1 年以上。而且只需要暴露在热、光、潮湿等条件下，就开始发生固化反应。这类固化剂基本上是用物理和化学方法封闭固化剂的活性，这些品种被称为潜伏性固化剂，其实也可称为功能性潜伏固化剂。如双氰胺与环氧树脂混合在一起，在室温下是稳定的。如在 145-165 ℃时，环氧树脂可在 30 分钟内固化；三氮化硼乙胺络合物在室温下也很稳定，高于 100 ℃时环氧树脂可固化。

潜伏固化剂可与环氧树脂混合制成液态化合物，简化环氧树脂产品的应用，其应用范围从单一的包装胶粘剂向涂料、浸渍漆、灌封料、粉末涂料等多方面发展。

How technical buyers usually evaluate printing-ink issues

Ink performance problems are often multi-variable problems. Teams generally move faster when they screen transfer, flow, drying or curing, and substrate hold together instead of changing one raw material at a time without a clear decision frame.

• Define the real process bottleneck: poor transfer, drying problems, skinning, and color instability often need different corrective routes.
• Check viscosity inside the print process: an ink that looks fine in the container can behave very differently on the machine.
• Review substrate compatibility: paper, film, metalized surfaces, and laminates often require different balance points.
• Use post-print checks as part of selection: scratch resistance, tape adhesion, lamination behavior, and storage stability are usually as important as the fresh-print appearance.

Recommended product references

• CHLUMIAF 094: A balanced defoamer reference for waterborne coatings and many general foam-control screens.
• CHLUMIAF 3037: A stronger process-defoaming option when persistent foam survives harsher conditions.
• CHLUMIWE 3280: A strong wetting-agent reference for inks, coatings, and difficult substrate wetting.
• CHLUMIWE 3071: Useful when organosilicone wetting support is needed in a broad application screen.

FAQ for buyers and formulators

Why do many ink problems require more than one formulation change?
Because flow, transfer, drying, adhesion, and appearance interact, so improving one of them can sometimes worsen another if the full system is not reviewed together.

Should rheology be judged only by a single viscosity number?
Not usually. Printability also depends on transfer behavior, temperature, shear history, and how the ink behaves on the actual press.