Quick answer: Surface-control additives are usually selected by defect type, compatibility, and dosage window. The strongest commercial choice is the one that fixes the real problem without creating a new one.
DMF 是有机合成中使用最广泛的溶剂之一,也被称为通用溶剂。今天我将与大家分享一个反应案例。m-CPBA 又名间氯过氧苯甲酸,是有机化学中非常常用的一种有机氧化剂。相对来说,它是比较安全的。然而,化学领域充满了未知数。今天分享的文献中报道的一起事故与间氯过氧苯甲酸和 DMF 的混合使用有关,并与以下化学转化直接相关。

日本藤泽制药公司的合成人员利用 m-CPBA 以 DMF 为溶剂,在试验规模上将硫氧化成亚砜。合成器首先将 6.3 升 DMF 和 11.0 千克 m-CPBA 混合在一起,然后搅拌 2 小时。在系统中形成不溶物,然后过滤得到清液,再将清液加入有机反应溶液中。当滴加过程进行 1 小时后,m-CPBA 的 DMF 溶液突然上升,并释放出气体。然后突然爆炸。本文作者(Org. Proc. Res. Dev.)

合成人员立即寻找事故和爆炸的原因。他们推测,这可能是由不溶物引起的,而不溶物正是 m-CBPO。这种不溶物可能是原料 m-CPBA 本身的杂质,也可能是在反应系统中逐渐生成的。本文作者接着进行了一系列验证实验。作者发现 m-CPBA 原料中的 m-CBPO 含量仅为 0.2%。此外,DTA 和 IST 实验证实,m-CPBA 在 89 度时熔化,在低于 97 度时稳定。作者随后对 m-CPBA 的 DMF 溶液进行了 DTA 研究,结果表明 m-CPBA 的分解温度为 83 度。上述实验表明,DMF 在很大程度上会影响 m-CPBA 的临界分解温度。因此,笔者认为 DMF 溶剂在此次事故中起了重要作用。


作者随后发现,随着温度的升高,间苯二酚的含量显著增加,DTA 研究表明,当温度达到 125 度以上时,可以预见会发生非常严重的爆炸。


随后,作者对间-CPBA DMF 溶液进行了 ARC 研究、浓度研究以及间-CPBA 和间-CPBO 的混合稳定性研究。最后得出的结论是:间-CPBA 的 DMF 溶液从 26 度缓慢上升到 70 度需要 185 分钟,然后会在几分钟内迅速上升到 200 度左右。此外,浓度越高的 m-CPBA DMF 溶液升温越快。m-CPBA 和 m-CPBO 的混合实验表明,开始时温度上升缓慢,但仅仅 95 分钟后,温度就会急剧上升。

综上所述,本文作者给出了爆炸的一般过程。首先,m-CPBO 的形成导致温度升高,然后大量 m-CPBO 的形成引起高温爆炸。最终,作者使用二氯甲烷 DCM 作为溶剂成功解决了这一问题。DTA 实验表明,使用二氯甲烷作为溶剂,在一段时间内不会出现放热现象。

用几万人做实验,安全第一! 二甲基亚砜 和 DMF 都是强极性溶剂,虽然它们对有机物有很好的溶解性,但也是一把双刃剑!
How buyers usually evaluate coating and ink additives
Additive selection is usually most effective when the team defines the defect first and then screens compatibility, dosage range, and process stage. That is often much more reliable than choosing only by chemistry family or by a single dramatic lab result.
- Start from the defect, not the additive name: wetting loss, crater, microfoam, and instability often need different solutions even inside the same formula.
- Check compatibility at the intended dosage: the strongest additive can still be the wrong commercial choice if it narrows the process window too much.
- Review the stage of use: some products are most useful during grind, while others matter more during let-down, filling, or final application.
- Balance cure or film quality with defect control: the right additive fixes the problem without sacrificing adhesion, gloss, or appearance.
Recommended product references
- CHLUMIAF 094: A balanced defoamer reference for waterborne coatings and many general foam-control screens.
- CHLUMIAF 3062: Useful when printing-ink and UV-ink compatibility matter in the defoaming screen.
- CHLUMIAF 3037: A stronger process-defoaming option when persistent foam survives harsher conditions.
- CHLUMIWE 3280: A strong wetting-agent reference for inks, coatings, and difficult substrate wetting.
FAQ for buyers and formulators
Why does an additive that looks powerful in a beaker sometimes fail in production?
Because shear, temperature, substrate, and the full formula can all change the way the additive performs under real process conditions.
Should the most aggressive additive always be preferred?
Not usually. The best additive is the one that solves the real defect while preserving the broadest safe operating window.