Principles of enzyme engineering and its applications in the fields of food, light industry and pharmaceuticals
1. Principle
Enzyme engineering is the enzyme or microbial cells, animal and plant cells, organelles, etc. in a certain biological reaction device, the use of enzymes have a biocatalytic function, with the help of engineering means of the corresponding raw materials into useful substances and applied to the social life of a science and technology. It includes preparation of enzyme preparation, immobilization of enzyme, modification and transformation of enzyme and enzyme reactor. The application of enzyme engineering mainly focuses on food industry, light industry and pharmaceutical industry.
- Catalytic properties:
1. High efficiency: 108-1020 times higher than non-catalytic; 107-1013 times higher than non-enzymatic catalytic
2. High specificity
3. Mild reaction conditions
4. Enzyme catalysis is adjustable
- Chemical nature:
Enzyme Proteins
Ribozyme RNAs
2
History of Development
After the seventies, along with the generation of the second generation of enzymes-immobilized enzymes and their related technologies, enzyme engineering is considered to be really on the stage of history. Immobilized enzymes are increasingly becoming the main force of industrial production, playing a great role in the fields of chemical and pharmaceutical industry, light industry and foodstuffs, environmental protection and so on. Not only that, but also produced a more powerful third-generation enzyme, which is an immobilized multi-enzyme system including cofactor regeneration system, and it is becoming the protagonist of enzyme engineering applications.
As we know, the content of enzymes in living organisms is limited, and no matter what kind of enzymes, the concentration in cells will not be very high, which is also out of the need for the balanced regulation of the life activities of biological organisms. However, this limits the possibility of directly utilizing natural enzymes to solve many chemical reactions more efficiently.
This difficulty can be solved by utilizing the method of genetic engineering.
3
Major uses
Enzymes, as a kind of biocatalyst, have been widely used in various production fields of light industry. In recent decades, with the continuous technological breakthroughs in enzyme engineering, it has been more and more widely used in industry, agriculture, medicine and health, energy development and environmental engineering.
Catalyst activity Proteins Chemical reactions Reactors Enzymology Redox enzymes Transferases Hydrolytic enzymes Ligases Isomerase
The application of enzyme engineering is mainly concentrated in the food industry, light industry and pharmaceutical industry, our daily life in the common enzyme-enriched laundry detergent powder, meat tenderizer, are the most direct embodiment of enzyme engineering.
1. Application in food processing
The largest use of enzymes in the food industry is starch processing, followed by dairy processing, juice processing, baked goods and beer fermentation. Various enzymes related to it, such as amylase, glucose isomerase, lactase, rennet, protease, etc., account for more than half of the enzyme preparation market.
The main direction of development, including enzymes to promote protein digestion (pineapple protease, pepsin, trypsin, etc.), enzymes to promote cellulose digestion (cellulase, polyglucanase, etc.), enzymes to promote lactose digestion (lactase) and enzymes to promote fat digestion (lipase, esterase), and so on.
2. Application in light chemical industry
Uses of enzyme engineering in light chemical industry mainly include: detergent manufacturing (enhancement of descaling ability), fur industry, gelatin manufacturing, collagen fiber manufacturing (adhesive) toothpaste and cosmetic production, papermaking, photographic material production, wastewater waste treatment and feed processing.
3. Medical applications
Recombinant DNA technology promotes the large-scale production of various enzymes with medical value. Various kinds of enzymes used in clinics are gradually increasing. In addition to conventional treatment, enzymes can also be used as some components of medical engineering and play a medical role. For example, in extracorporeal circulation devices, enzymes are utilized to remove blood wastes and prevent thrombosis, and in vivo enzyme-controlled drug release systems. In addition, the enzyme as a clinical in vitro test reagent, can be fast, sensitive and accurate determination of certain metabolites in the body, will also be an important application of enzymes in medicine.
4. Energy Development
Under the general trend of developing new energy sources all over the world, the use of microorganisms or enzyme engineering technology to produce fuels from living organisms is also a new road that people are exploring. For example, the use of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, starch and other raw materials in plants, crops, forestry products waste, the manufacture of hydrogen, methane and other gaseous fuels, as well as ethanol and methanol and other liquid fuels. In addition, the subject in the development of petroleum resources.
5.Environmental Engineering
While science and technology are highly developed, environmental purification, especially the purification of industrial wastewater and domestic sewage, is of great importance as a measure to protect nature.
Among the existing methods of wastewater purification, biological purification is often the lowest cost and most feasible. The metabolic processes of microorganisms can utilize certain organic substances in wastewater as a source of required nutrients. Therefore, by utilizing enzymes in the microbial body, the organic substances in wastewater can be converted into utilizable small molecules, while achieving the purpose of purifying wastewater. People have achieved remarkable results in wastewater treatment and environmental protection by using genetic engineering techniques to create highly efficient strains of bacteria and immobilizing living microbial cells.
In addition, the emergence of biosensors provides the possibility of continuous and automated environmental monitoring, reduces the cost of environmental monitoring, and strengthens the strength of environmental supervision.
4
Preparation Methods
1. Gene preparation
If a useful enzyme is found in an organism, even if the content is low, by applying genetic recombination technology, through gene amplification and enhanced expression, it is possible to establish genetic engineering bacteria or genetic engineering cells that can efficiently express specific enzyme preparations. By fixing the genetically engineered bacteria or genetically engineered cells, a new generation of biocatalysts can be constructed – immobilized engineered bacteria or immobilized engineered cells. People also call this new type of biocatalyst as genetically engineered enzyme preparation.
The development of a new generation of genetically engineered enzyme preparation is undoubtedly to make enzyme engineering like a tiger with wings. Immobilized genetically engineered bacteria, genetically engineered cell technology will make the enzyme power to play better, scientists predict that if the related technology and continuous bioreactor cleverly combined, will lead to the whole fermentation industry and the chemical synthesis industry fundamental change.
2. The transformation and modification of enzymes is also an important part of enzyme engineering.
Although the force of enzyme is very strong, especially after being immobilized, the power is even greater, but not all enzyme preparations are suitable for immobilization, even for immobilization of natural enzymes, its activity often can not meet the requirements of people, need to change some of its properties, improve its activity, in order to better play its catalytic function.
Thus, the task of enzyme molecular modification and transformation has been proposed.
Generally speaking, scientists are through the main chain of the enzyme protein molecule “cutting”, “shearing” and chemical modification on the side chain to achieve the purpose of the transformation of the enzyme molecule. The modified enzyme molecules have improved physical and chemical properties as well as biological activities, and have even been endowed with new functions.
Contact Us Now!
If you need Price, please fill in your contact information in the form below, we will usually contact you within 24 hours. You could also email me info@longchangchemical.com during working hours ( 8:30 am to 6:00 pm UTC+8 Mon.~Sat. ) or use the website live chat to get prompt reply.
| Compound Glucoamylase | 9032-08-0 |
| Pullulanase | 9075-68-7 |
| Xylanase | 37278-89-0 |
| Cellulase | 9012-54-8 |
| Naringinase | 9068-31-9 |
| β-Amylase | 9000-91-3 |
| Glucose oxidase | 9001-37-0 |
| alpha-Amylase | 9000-90-2 |
| Pectinase | 9032-75-1 |
| Peroxidase | 9003-99-0 |
| Lipase | 9001-62-1 |
| Catalase | 9001-05-2 |
| TANNASE | 9025-71-2 |
| Elastase | 39445-21-1 |
| Urease | 9002-13-5 |
| DEXTRANASE | 9025-70-1 |
| L-Lactic dehydrogenase | 9001-60-9 |
| Dehydrogenase malate | 9001-64-3 |
| Cholesterol oxidase | 9028-76-6 |