01Liquid fermentation
At present, the commonly used technology for enzyme production at home and abroad is liquid fermentation, i.e., the liquid medium is sterilized, cooled and then accessed to the enzyme-producing cells and fermented under specific conditions.
The advantages of this production method are: pure culture can be realized, and the target products are clearer; real-time monitoring and automatic control of fermentation process parameters (pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, replenishment, etc.) can ensure that the fermentation process is always under optimal conditions, and the fermentation efficiency can be improved; and it is conducive to large-scale, factory-based and modern production. The disadvantage is that a large amount of pollutants are generated in the production process, which increases the economic burden of enterprises in dealing with pollutants. Some large-scale enterprises and factories have enzyme fermentation tanks with a capacity of dozens or even hundreds of tons, and if the fermentation liquid is contaminated, it will cause contamination of the whole fermentation tank, which will result in huge economic losses and waste of resources.
Therefore, liquid fermentation requires real-time monitoring of fermentation process parameters and optimization through human adjustment to ensure fermentation efficiency and quality.
02 Solid-state fermentation
Solid state fermentation is to use bran, rice bran and other main raw materials to prepare the culture medium, sterilized and connected to the enzyme-producing bacteria, under certain conditions of fermentation.
This production method effectively avoids the shortcomings of the liquid fermentation method, and has the advantages of low economic consumption after pollution, small area of pollution produced by fermentation, recycling of waste materials after fermentation (which can be used as agricultural fertilizers with only simple treatment), easy to handle, and so on. Solid-state fermentation meets the need for energy conservation and environmental protection.
Using solid-state fermentation enzyme technology to ferment grain straw, the fuel alcohol produced can relieve the pressure of oil demand, and is conducive to the realization of sustainable use of resources. The solid-state fermentation process is not easy to control, and it is difficult to achieve stable production, so it is currently unable to achieve industrialized mass production and cannot meet the market demand.
With the domestic
and foreign experts’ research on enzyme production methods continues to deepen, the control problems of solid-state fermentation will be solved, and its application will become more and more widespread.
Application fields of enzyme preparation
Enzyme preparations on the market mainly include protease, amylase, cellulase, pectinase, phytase, etc. Most of them are multiple enzyme composite preparations, which are widely used in the fields of food (e.g. bread bakery, deep processing of flour, etc.), animal feed, leather products, energy and medicine.
1、Basic research field
Enzymes exist in the life science research. For example, in plant cell fusion experiments, the use of cellulase or pectinase to remove the cell wall, expanding the scope of recombination of genetic material; in genetic engineering experiments, the use of DNA ligase, restriction endonucleic acid endonuclease, DNA polymerase, alkaline phosphatase and modification of the enzyme and other five categories of tool enzymes, involved in the realization of nucleic acids, sequence analysis, labeled probes, carrier construction, selection of target genes, etc., to achieve To change the original genetic characteristics of organisms and obtain new varieties.
2、Farming field
Feed enzyme preparation is a kind of feed additives, which can eliminate anti-nutritional factors, improve feed conversion rate, enhance the digestive ability and immunity of animals, and promote the growth and development of animals. Feed enzyme is mainly used in poultry and aquaculture, for example: Li Weilin et al. added compound enzyme in chicken feed to degrade soluble non-starch polysaccharide (NSP), to improve the digestibility of feed for broiler chickens, and even if the energy of the enzyme-added feed was reduced to 209 kJ ／ kg, the growth of broiler chickens was still unaffected.
3、Food field
Enzyme molecular structure groups have stable rheological properties, which can form different sensory properties and freshness of different foods, and play a role in food preservation, processing, testing and other aspects. For example, Li Huo et al. put the enzyme preparation of lysozyme compound phytic acid into peach, and found that it can significantly reduce the respiration rate of peach, maintain the hardness of fruit, inhibit the growth of MDA, and reduce the activity of PPO enzyme, and the method is easy to operate, safe and efficient, and it can effectively improve the storability of peach; enzyme preparations have been applied in the production of sugar, brewing, bakery, processed fruits and vegetables, dairy products, and meat products, and it has the function of improving yield, removing odor and so on. Enzyme preparation is used in the production of sugar, brewing, baking, processed fruits and vegetables, dairy products, meat products, with the function of improving yield, removing odor, etc.; PCR, enzyme biosensors, ELSA and other enzyme engineering technology can efficiently, sensitively and accurately determine pesticide, toxin and microorganisms residues in food, which is widely used in food testing.
4、Pharmaceutical field
Enzyme preparation can be used in the treatment, prevention and diagnosis of many diseases. For example: Nattokinase has preventive and therapeutic effects on thrombosis, hyperlipidemia, blood viscosity, osteoporosis, licorice fever and diabetes mellitus, which has now been realized and applied in mass production; the cure rate of composite lysozyme preparation for endometritis in dairy cows is significantly higher than that of antibiotics such as oxytetracycline, enrofloxacin and gentamycin, and it overcomes the shortcomings of antibiotics that are prone to produce drug-resistance and contamination of milk with drug residues, which has brought significant economic benefits to the dairy cattle breeding industry. It brings significant economic benefits for dairy farming industry.
5、Daily products field
The application of enzymes in daily life is also very wide. For example: adding protease, lipase, cellulase and other enzyme preparations into detergents can reduce the damage of detergents on clothes and enhance the ability to clean dirt; metalloproteinase-superoxide dismutase (SOD) in health care products can remove free radicals and improve antioxidant capacity, and increase the body’s ability to resist; SOD in cosmetics has the effect of sunscreen and anti-aging; in the paper-making industry, SOD can be used to prevent sunlight, anti-aging; in the paper industry, SOD can be used to prevent sunlight, anti-aging and anti-oxidation. In the paper industry, lipase is used to remove resin from logs, xylanase is used for pulp bleaching, and the addition of a certain amount of alkaline cellulase and hemicellulase to the deinking of recycled waste newspaper can improve the whiteness of paper.
Conclusion
In recent years, China’s rapid development of enzyme preparations, in basic research, food industry, detergent industry, feed production and other fields have been widely used. However, at present, there is still a certain gap between the development of enzyme preparation in China and that in foreign countries, such as food enzyme preparation has been commonly used in food production in some developed countries in foreign countries, while in the domestic application is less and the effect is general, most of food enzyme preparations used in China’s market are extracted and purified by salting out or spray drying, which are difficult to meet the relevant health requirements and standards.
The insufficiency of enzyme research means that China’s enzyme industry has a huge potential for development. In the future, we should make more efforts in enzyme research, develop new methods and products in research and development, production and application, and study the high-quality enzyme products suitable for industrial production, so as to promote the further development of China’s enzyme industry.
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| Compound Glucoamylase | 9032-08-0 |
| Pullulanase | 9075-68-7 |
| Xylanase | 37278-89-0 |
| Cellulase | 9012-54-8 |
| Naringinase | 9068-31-9 |
| β-Amylase | 9000-91-3 |
| Glucose oxidase | 9001-37-0 |
| alpha-Amylase | 9000-90-2 |
| Pectinase | 9032-75-1 |
| Peroxidase | 9003-99-0 |
| Lipase | 9001-62-1 |
| Catalase | 9001-05-2 |
| TANNASE | 9025-71-2 |
| Elastase | 39445-21-1 |
| Urease | 9002-13-5 |
| DEXTRANASE | 9025-70-1 |
| L-Lactic dehydrogenase | 9001-60-9 |
| Dehydrogenase malate | 9001-64-3 |
| Cholesterol oxidase | 9028-76-6 |