1. Pharmaceuticals:

Topical vasodilators and erythematous agents used to relieve local pain and inflammation.

By dilating blood vessels in the skin, increasing local blood flow, they relieve muscle pain, joint pain, etc. They are often used in combination with analgesics and anti-inflammatory drugs (such as etofenadine).

2. Cosmetics:

Used in some skincare products or “lip plumping” products.

Utilizing their vasodilatory effect, they cause temporary congestion and slight swelling at the application site (such as the lips), thus creating a “plumping” effect.

3. Chemical Synthesis:

Used as a synthetic intermediate in the preparation of catalysts such as benzylpalladium complexes.

These catalysts can be used in organic synthesis reactions such as the benzylation substitution of olefins.

4. Experimental Research:

Used as a standard or research subject in pharmacological, transdermal drug delivery, and other scientific research.

To study the mechanism of transdermal absorption and release of nicotinic acid as a prodrug.