<\/p>\n
Quick answer:<\/strong> A practical wastewater-treatment decision starts with defining the failure mode, then checks pH, COD, ammonia, sludge condition, and process interaction before changing chemistry or operation.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Aerobik ar\u0131tma sisteminin i\u015flem prensibi, at\u0131k sudaki organik kirleticileri zarars\u0131z karbondioksit ve suya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in aerobik mikroorganizmalar\u0131n metabolizmas\u0131n\u0131 ve kendi ya\u015famlar\u0131 i\u00e7in enerjiyi kullanmakt\u0131r ve mikroorganizmalar\u0131n normal ya\u015fam aktivitelerini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmeleri i\u00e7in oksijen gereklidir. Yani \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f oksijen ne kadar y\u00fcksek olursa, aerobik sistem ar\u0131tma etkisi o kadar iyi olacakt\u0131r?<\/p>\n Bu soruyu cevaplamadan \u00f6nce, aerobik sistemdeki besin ve mikro oran kavram\u0131n\u0131 anlamak gerekir. Yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lan aktif \u00e7amur sistemini \u00f6rnek olarak ele al\u0131rsak, havaland\u0131rma tank\u0131na verilen toplam BO\u0130 miktar\u0131 ile her g\u00fcn havaland\u0131rma tank\u0131ndaki toplam aktif \u00e7amur miktar\u0131n\u0131n oran\u0131, mikroorganizmalar i\u00e7in besin oran\u0131d\u0131r (verilen BO\u0130, mikroorganizmalara sa\u011flanan besin olarak kabul edilebilir).<\/p>\n G\u0131da-mikrop oran\u0131n\u0131 hesaplamak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan form\u00fcl a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki gibidir:<\/strong><\/p>\n F\/M=Q*BOD5\/(MLVSS*Va)<\/p>\n F: G\u0131da anlam\u0131na gelir, sisteme giren g\u0131da miktar\u0131 (BO\u0130)<\/p>\n M: Mikroorganizma, aktif madde miktar\u0131 (\u00e7amur hacmi) anlam\u0131na gelir<\/p>\n Q: su hacmi, BO\u01305: giri\u015f BO\u01305 de\u011feri<\/p>\n MLVSS: aktif \u00e7amur konsantrasyonu<\/p>\n Va: havaland\u0131rma tank\u0131n\u0131n hacmi<\/p>\n Genellikle uygun g\u0131da ve mikro oran aral\u0131\u011f\u0131 0,1-0,25kgBOD5\/kgMLSS.d. \u00c7ok y\u00fcksek g\u0131da ve mikro oran mikroorganizmalar\u0131n \u00e7ok fazla g\u0131daya sahip oldu\u011funu ve havaland\u0131rma tank\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcksek y\u00fckte \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma durumunda oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterirken, \u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck g\u0131da ve mikro oran havaland\u0131rma tank\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck y\u00fckte \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma durumunda oldu\u011fu anlam\u0131na gelir.<\/p>\n G\u0131da mikro oran\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek ve \u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olmas\u0131 hangi sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r?<\/strong><\/p>\n 1. Havaland\u0131rma tank\u0131 uygun g\u0131da mikro-oran\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma aral\u0131\u011f\u0131nda oldu\u011funda, aktif \u00e7amur flok yap\u0131s\u0131 iyi, iyi \u00e7\u00f6kelme performans\u0131, berrak ve \u015feffaf su;<\/p>\n 2. Havaland\u0131rma tank\u0131 y\u00fcksek g\u0131da mikro oran\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma durumundayken, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 g\u0131da, aktif \u00e7amur \u00e7\u00f6keltme performans\u0131n\u0131n bozulmas\u0131, bulan\u0131k su, BO\u0130'deki at\u0131k suyun tamamen bozunmas\u0131 nedeniyle a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 y\u00fck \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 bile zordur;<\/p>\n 3. Havaland\u0131rma tank\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck g\u0131da mikro oran\u0131 i\u015fletim durumunda oldu\u011funda, yetersiz g\u0131da nedeniyle, aktif \u00e7amurun ya\u015flanma fenomeni ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 kolayd\u0131r.<\/p>\n Uzun s\u00fcreli d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck g\u0131da mikro-oran\u0131 i\u015fletimi \u00e7amurun flok\u00fclasyonunun bozulmas\u0131na ve hatta aktif \u00e7amur ipliksi bakterilerinin \u00e7o\u011falmas\u0131na neden olabilir.<\/p>\n Aktif \u00e7amurun ya\u015flanma fenomeni meydana geldi\u011finde ve \u00e7amurun deflok\u00fclasyonunu tetikledi\u011finde, aktif \u00e7amurun flok yap\u0131s\u0131 gev\u015feyecek ve \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f suyu \u00e7ok say\u0131da ince \u00e7amur par\u00e7as\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yacak, bu da \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f suyunun berrakl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015fe ve su kalitesinde bir bozulmaya neden olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n Besin mikro oran\u0131n\u0131 anlad\u0131ktan sonra, \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f oksijenin tedavi etkisi \u00fczerindeki etkisine bak\u0131yoruz.<\/p>\n Havaland\u0131rma tank\u0131 y\u00fcksek g\u0131da mikro-oran\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, nispeten y\u00fcksek \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f oksijenin korunmas\u0131 elveri\u015flidir, at\u0131k sudaki organik maddenin bozunma oran\u0131n\u0131 h\u0131zland\u0131rabilir.<\/p>\n Havaland\u0131rma tank\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck g\u0131da mikro oran\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma durumunda oldu\u011funda, g\u0131da k\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 nedeniyle hala y\u00fcksek \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f oksijen muhafaza edilirse, aktif \u00e7amur flok\u00fclasyon fenomeninin olu\u015fumunu h\u0131zland\u0131rmak i\u00e7in aktif \u00e7amur endojen metabolizmas\u0131n\u0131 te\u015fvik edecektir, yani genellikle a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 maruz kalma fenomeni olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Y\u00fcksek \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f oksijen mikroorganizmalar\u0131n metabolizmas\u0131n\u0131 h\u0131zland\u0131racakt\u0131r, baz\u0131 \u00f6rnekler verebilirsiniz, bu bir insan gibidir, yeterince yemek yememesi durumunda, \u00e7ok \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na da izin verirsiniz, sadece \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne kadar incelme \u015feklini h\u0131zland\u0131rabilir.<\/p>\n Bu nedenle, aerobik sistemin i\u015fletilmesinde, \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f oksijen konsantrasyonunun kontrol\u00fc g\u0131da mikro oran\u0131n\u0131n kontrol\u00fc ile yak\u0131ndan ili\u015fkili olmal\u0131d\u0131r, y\u00fcksek g\u0131da mikro oran\u0131 daha y\u00fcksek \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f oksijen konsantrasyonunu kontrol edebilir, organik kirleticilerin etkili bir \u015fekilde par\u00e7alanmas\u0131n\u0131 te\u015fvik edebilir. Aksine, g\u0131da mikro oran\u0131 yetersiz oldu\u011funda, \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f oksijen konsantrasyonu nispeten d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck kontrol edilmeli, \u00e7amur ya\u015flanmas\u0131n\u0131 ve \u00e7amur deflok\u00fclasyon fenomenini \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in endojen metabolizma oran\u0131n\u0131 azaltmal\u0131, ayn\u0131 zamanda g\u00fc\u00e7 t\u00fcketimini azaltabilir ve i\u015fletme maliyetlerinden tasarruf edebilir. Uygulamada, aerobik tank\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f oksijenini fan frekans\u0131n\u0131, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma s\u00fcresini kontrol ederek veya hava tahliye vanas\u0131n\u0131n boyutunu ayarlayarak kontrol edebiliriz.<\/p>\n Kimya end\u00fcstrisinde, end\u00fcstriyel \u00fcretim end\u00fcstrisinde buharla\u015fma, buharla\u015fma ve konsantrasyon, buharla\u015fma ve kristalizasyon yayg\u0131n s\u00fcre\u00e7lerdir, buharla\u015fma ve kristalizasyon \u015fu anda end\u00fcstriyel at\u0131k su ar\u0131t\u0131m\u0131nda daha yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r, buharla\u015fma ve kristalizasyon prensibi nedir?<\/p>\n Buharla\u015fma prensibi<\/strong><\/p>\n Buharla\u015ft\u0131rma prensibi, u\u00e7ucu olmayan \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnen maddeleri i\u00e7eren \u00e7\u00f6zeltinin buharla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 kaynatmak ve buhardan d\u0131\u015far\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmakt\u0131r, b\u00f6ylece \u00e7\u00f6zeltideki \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnen maddelerin konsantrasyonu birim i\u015flemi artt\u0131r\u0131r, buharla\u015ft\u0131rma i\u015flemleri kimya end\u00fcstrisinde yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131r, petrokimya end\u00fcstrisi, buharla\u015ft\u0131rma kristalizasyonu, buharla\u015ft\u0131rma ve konsantrasyon yayg\u0131n bir i\u015flem t\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n Buharla\u015fma kristalle\u015fmesi prensibi<\/strong><\/p>\n Buharla\u015fma kristalizasyonu, buharla\u015fma s\u00fcrecinden ge\u00e7er, \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn u\u00e7mas\u0131yla, orijinal doymam\u0131\u015f \u00e7\u00f6zelti yava\u015f yava\u015f doymu\u015f \u00e7\u00f6zelti haline gelir, doymu\u015f \u00e7\u00f6zelti ve daha sonra yava\u015f yava\u015f a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 doymu\u015f \u00e7\u00f6zelti haline gelir, daha sonra \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnen madde a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 doymu\u015f \u00e7\u00f6zeltiden \u00e7\u00f6kelmeye ba\u015flayacakt\u0131r. Bir\u00e7ok \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnen madde, kristalle\u015fme s\u00fcreci olan kristaller \u015feklinde (amorf \u00e7\u00f6kelme \u015feklinde de) \u00e7\u00f6kelebilir.<\/p>\n Buharla\u015ft\u0131rma i\u015flemleri i\u00e7in, \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcc\u00fcy\u00fc \u00e7\u0131karmak, \u00e7\u00f6zeltiyi doygunlu\u011fa \u00e7\u0131karmak ve daha sonra kat\u0131 bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnen elde etmek i\u00e7in kat\u0131 bir \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc \u00e7\u00f6keltmek \u00fczere \u0131s\u0131tmak veya so\u011futmak i\u00e7in buharla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 kristalizasyon ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilir.<\/p>\n Buharla\u015ft\u0131rma kristalizasyonu nas\u0131l \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r?<\/strong><\/p>\n Buharla\u015fma kristalizasyon i\u015flemi, s\u00fcrekli bir \u0131s\u0131 enerjisi kayna\u011f\u0131 ihtiyac\u0131, end\u00fcstride kullan\u0131lan \u0131s\u0131 kayna\u011f\u0131 genellikle su buhar\u0131d\u0131r ve malzemenin \u00e7o\u011funun buharla\u015fmas\u0131 sulu bir \u00e7\u00f6zeltidir, buhar\u0131n buharla\u015fmas\u0131 da su buhar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan \u00fcretilir, kolayca ay\u0131rt etmek i\u00e7in Birincisine \u0131s\u0131tma buhar\u0131 veya ham buhar denir, ikincisi ikincil buhar olarak bilinir.<\/p>\n Buharla\u015fma kristalizasyonunu ele alal\u0131m, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma modu \u015funlara sahiptir: atmosferik bas\u0131n\u00e7, bas\u0131n\u00e7land\u0131rma, dekompresyon (vakum) buharla\u015ft\u0131rma.<\/p>\n Buharla\u015ft\u0131rma kristalizasyon i\u015flemi<\/strong><\/p>\n Evaporatif kristalizasyon s\u00fcrecinde, fla\u015f buharla\u015fma modu (fla\u015f buharla\u015fma) yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lacakt\u0131r: bu \u00f6zel bir dekompresyon buharla\u015fmas\u0131d\u0131r, s\u0131cak \u00e7\u00f6zeltinin bas\u0131nc\u0131, \u00e7\u00f6zeltinin s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki doyma bas\u0131nc\u0131ndan daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck bir bas\u0131nca d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclecektir, daha sonra suyun bir k\u0131sm\u0131 buharla\u015fmak i\u00e7in bas\u0131n\u00e7 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc anda kaynat\u0131lacakt\u0131r. Fla\u015f buharla\u015fman\u0131n avantaj\u0131, \u0131s\u0131 transfer y\u00fczeyinde bir kire\u00e7 tabakas\u0131 olu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemektir, fla\u015f buharla\u015fman\u0131n \u0131s\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131na gerek yoktur, \u0131s\u0131 kendi duyulur \u0131s\u0131 at\u0131l\u0131m\u0131ndan gelir.<\/p>\n Is\u0131 pompas\u0131 buharla\u015fmas\u0131 da buharla\u015fma kristalizasyon i\u015flemlerinden biridir, ikincil buhar\u0131n bas\u0131nc\u0131n\u0131 ve s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131r\u0131r, \u0131s\u0131 pompas\u0131 buharla\u015fmas\u0131 veya buhar yeniden s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma buharla\u015fmas\u0131 olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan \u0131s\u0131tma buhar\u0131n\u0131n buharla\u015fmas\u0131 olarak yeniden kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n Is\u0131 pompas\u0131 buharla\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131, y\u00fcksek kaliteli enerjinin (mekanik enerji, elektrik enerjisi) veya y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131ktaki termal enerjinin bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 termal d\u00f6ng\u00fc pahas\u0131na t\u00fcketmek oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in, \u0131s\u0131, enerji kullan\u0131m cihaz\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck s\u0131cakl\u0131ktaki nesnesinden y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131ktaki nesnesine aktar\u0131lacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n Buharla\u015ft\u0131rma kristalle\u015ftirme i\u015flemini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirirken, do\u011fru buharla\u015ft\u0131rma kristalle\u015ftirme ekipman\u0131n\u0131 nas\u0131l se\u00e7ece\u011fimizi de d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmemiz gerekir.<\/p>\n Uygun evaporasyon kristalizasyon ekipman\u0131 nas\u0131l se\u00e7ilir<\/strong><\/p>\n Duruma g\u00f6re, tuzlar\u0131n buharla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in cebri sirk\u00fclasyon tipi evaporat\u00f6r tercih edilir. Tuz konsantrasyonu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckse, \u00f6nden d\u00fc\u015fen film buharla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 + zorlamal\u0131 sirk\u00fclasyon buharla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 da operasyonu ve ilk yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 azaltmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131labilir. Tuz olmayan di\u011fer tiplerin buharla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in d\u00fc\u015fen film buharla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 tercih edilir.<\/p>\n <\/p>\nBuharla\u015ft\u0131rma kristalizasyonu prensibinde at\u0131k su ar\u0131t\u0131m\u0131, proses bilgisi nedir?<\/h1>\n