<\/p>\n
Quick answer:<\/strong> For wetting, leveling, defoaming, and dispersing topics, formulators usually compare performance and side effects together because over-correcting one surface issue can easily create another.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n K\u00f6p\u00fck, y\u0131kama i\u015fleminde \u00f6nemli bir rol oynar. K\u00f6p\u00fck, s\u0131v\u0131 veya kat\u0131 i\u00e7inde da\u011f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f gaz\u0131n bir dispersiyon sistemidir, da\u011f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f faz olarak gaz ve da\u011f\u0131t\u0131c\u0131 ortam olarak s\u0131v\u0131 veya kat\u0131, birincisi s\u0131v\u0131 k\u00f6p\u00fck olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131rken, ikincisi k\u00f6p\u00fck, k\u00f6p\u00fck cam, k\u00f6p\u00fck \u00e7imento vb. gibi kat\u0131 k\u00f6p\u00fck olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n I. K\u00f6p\u00fck olu\u015fumu. Burada bahsedilen k\u00f6p\u00fck, bir s\u0131v\u0131 film ile ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f kabarc\u0131k k\u00fcmelerini ifade etmektedir. Bu k\u00f6p\u00fck, da\u011f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f faz (gaz) ile da\u011f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ortam (s\u0131v\u0131) aras\u0131ndaki b\u00fcy\u00fck yo\u011funluk fark\u0131ndan ve s\u0131v\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck viskozitesinden kaynaklan\u0131r, b\u00f6ylece kabarc\u0131klar her zaman h\u0131zl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde s\u0131v\u0131 y\u00fczeyine y\u00fckselebilir. K\u00f6p\u00fck olu\u015fturma s\u00fcreci, s\u0131v\u0131ya b\u00fcy\u00fck miktarda gaz getirmek, s\u0131v\u0131daki kabarc\u0131klar ve h\u0131zl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde s\u0131v\u0131 y\u00fczeyine geri d\u00f6nmek, az miktarda s\u0131v\u0131 gazla ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f kabarc\u0131k agregatlar\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n K\u00f6p\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn iki \u00f6nemli \u00f6zelli\u011fi vard\u0131r: Birincisi, kabarc\u0131\u011f\u0131n da\u011f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f faz\u0131 genellikle \u00e7ok y\u00fczl\u00fc bir \u015fekle sahip oldu\u011fundan, bunun nedeni kabarc\u0131\u011f\u0131n kesi\u015fme noktas\u0131d\u0131r, s\u0131v\u0131 filmi inceltme e\u011filimi vard\u0131r, b\u00f6ylece kabarc\u0131k \u00e7ok y\u00fczl\u00fc hale gelir, s\u0131v\u0131 film belirli bir dereceye kadar inceldi\u011finde, kabarc\u0131\u011f\u0131n y\u0131rt\u0131lmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7ar; \u0130kincisi, saf s\u0131v\u0131 kararl\u0131 bir k\u00f6p\u00fck olu\u015fturamaz, s\u0131v\u0131 en az iki veya daha fazla bile\u015fen olmak \u00fczere bir k\u00f6p\u00fck olu\u015fturabilir. Sulu y\u00fczey aktif madde \u00e7\u00f6zeltisi, k\u00f6p\u00fck \u00fcretmesi kolay tipik bir sistemdir ve k\u00f6p\u00fck \u00fcretme kabiliyeti di\u011fer \u00f6zelliklerle de ilgilidir.<\/p>\n \u0130yi k\u00f6p\u00fcrme g\u00fcc\u00fcne sahip y\u00fczey aktif maddelere k\u00f6p\u00fcrt\u00fcc\u00fc maddeler denir. K\u00f6p\u00fck yap\u0131c\u0131 maddenin iyi k\u00f6p\u00fcrme kabiliyetine sahip olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, olu\u015fan k\u00f6p\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn uzun s\u00fcre muhafaza edilmesi gerekmeyebilir, yani stabilitesi her zaman iyi olmayabilir. K\u00f6p\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn stabilitesini korumak i\u00e7in, genellikle k\u00f6p\u00fck olu\u015fturucu maddeye eklenen k\u00f6p\u00fck maddelerinin stabilitesini art\u0131rabilir, bu t\u00fcr maddelere stabilizat\u00f6r denir, yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lan stabilizat\u00f6rler lauroyl diethanolamine ve dodecyl dimethylamine oxide'dir.<\/p>\n \u0130kincisi, k\u00f6p\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn stabilitesidir. K\u00f6p\u00fck termodinamik olarak karars\u0131z bir sistemdir, son e\u011filim sistemdeki s\u0131v\u0131n\u0131n toplam y\u00fczey alan\u0131 azald\u0131ktan sonra kabarc\u0131\u011f\u0131 k\u0131rmakt\u0131r, serbest enerji azal\u0131r. K\u00f6p\u00fck giderme i\u015flemi, kopma s\u00fcrecine kadar gaz\u0131 kal\u0131ndan inceye do\u011fru ay\u0131ran s\u0131v\u0131 filmdir. Bu nedenle, k\u00f6p\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn stabilite derecesi esas olarak s\u0131v\u0131 de\u015farj h\u0131z\u0131 ve s\u0131v\u0131 filmin g\u00fcc\u00fc ile belirlenir. Etki fakt\u00f6rleri de a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki gibidir.<\/p>\n 1\u3001Y\u00fczey gerilimi. Enerji a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck y\u00fczey gerilimi k\u00f6p\u00fck olu\u015fumu i\u00e7in daha elveri\u015flidir, ancak k\u00f6p\u00fck stabilitesini garanti etmez. Y\u00fczey gerilimi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr, bas\u0131n\u00e7 fark\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckt\u00fcr, bo\u015faltma h\u0131z\u0131 yava\u015flar, s\u0131v\u0131 film daha yava\u015f incelir, bu da k\u00f6p\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn stabilitesine yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur.<\/p>\n 2\u3001Y\u00fczey viskozitesi. K\u00f6p\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn stabilitesini belirleyen kilit fakt\u00f6r s\u0131v\u0131 film mukavemetidir ve s\u0131v\u0131 film mukavemeti esas olarak y\u00fczey viskozitesi ile \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclen y\u00fczey adsorpsiyon filminin sa\u011flaml\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile belirlenir. Daha b\u00fcy\u00fck y\u00fczey viskozitesine sahip \u00e7\u00f6zelti taraf\u0131ndan \u00fcretilen k\u00f6p\u00fck daha uzun \u00f6m\u00fcrl\u00fcd\u00fcr. Bunun nedeni, y\u00fczey adsorpsiyon molek\u00fclleri aras\u0131ndaki etkile\u015fimin film mukavemetinde bir art\u0131\u015fa yol a\u00e7mas\u0131 ve b\u00f6ylece k\u00f6p\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn \u00f6mr\u00fcn\u00fc artt\u0131rmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n 3\u3001\u00c7\u00f6zelti viskozitesi. S\u0131v\u0131n\u0131n viskozitesi artt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, s\u0131v\u0131 filmdeki s\u0131v\u0131n\u0131n bo\u015falt\u0131lmas\u0131 kolay de\u011fildir, s\u0131v\u0131 film kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 daha yava\u015f incelir, film kopma s\u00fcresini yava\u015flat\u0131r, k\u00f6p\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn stabilitesini artt\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n 4\u3001Y\u00fczey geriliminin \"onar\u0131m\" etkisi. S\u0131v\u0131 filmin y\u00fczeyine adsorbe edilen y\u00fczey aktif madde, s\u0131v\u0131 filmin y\u00fczeyinin geni\u015flemesine veya daralmas\u0131na direnme yetene\u011fi, bu yetene\u011fe onar\u0131m etkisi denir. S\u0131v\u0131 filmin y\u00fczeyinde adsorbe edilmi\u015f bir y\u00fczey aktif madde oldu\u011fundan, y\u00fczey alan\u0131n\u0131n geni\u015flemesi, y\u00fczeydeki adsorbe edilmi\u015f molek\u00fcllerin konsantrasyonunu azaltacak ve y\u00fczey gerilimini art\u0131racakt\u0131r. Y\u00fczeyin daha fazla geni\u015flemesi daha fazla i\u015f yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektirecektir. Tersine y\u00fczey alan\u0131n\u0131n daralmas\u0131, y\u00fczey adsorpsiyon molek\u00fcllerinin konsantrasyonunu art\u0131racak, yani daha fazla daralmaya elveri\u015fli olmayan y\u00fczey gerilimini azaltacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n 5, gaz\u0131n s\u0131v\u0131 film boyunca dif\u00fczyonu. K\u0131lcal bas\u0131nc\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 nedeniyle, k\u00f6p\u00fckteki k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck kabarc\u0131\u011f\u0131n bas\u0131nc\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck kabarc\u0131\u011f\u0131n bas\u0131nc\u0131ndan daha y\u00fcksektir, bu da k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck kabarc\u0131ktaki gaz\u0131n s\u0131v\u0131 filmden d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck kabarc\u0131\u011fa yay\u0131lmas\u0131na neden olur, bu da k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck kabarc\u0131\u011f\u0131n k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclmesi ve b\u00fcy\u00fck kabarc\u0131\u011f\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fcmesi ve son olarak k\u00f6p\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn kopmas\u0131 olgusuyla sonu\u00e7lan\u0131r. Y\u00fczey aktif madde eklenirse, k\u00f6p\u00fck d\u00fczg\u00fcn ve ince olacakt\u0131r ve k\u00f6p\u00fckten ar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 kolay olmayacakt\u0131r. Y\u00fczey aktif madde s\u0131v\u0131 film \u00fczerinde yak\u0131ndan d\u00fczenlendi\u011finden, nefes almas\u0131 zordur ve k\u00f6p\u00fck daha kararl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n 6\u3001Y\u00fczey y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fcn etkisi. K\u00f6p\u00fck s\u0131v\u0131 film ayn\u0131 sembolik y\u00fcke sahipse, s\u0131v\u0131 filmin iki y\u00fczeyi birbirini iterek s\u0131v\u0131 filmin incelmesini ve hatta yok olmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nleyecektir. \u0130yonik y\u00fczey aktif maddeler bu dengeleyici rol\u00fc oynayabilir.<\/p>\n \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc, k\u00f6p\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn yok edilmesi. K\u00f6p\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn yok edilmesinin temel prensibi, k\u00f6p\u00fck olu\u015fum ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmek veya k\u00f6p\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn stabilize edici fakt\u00f6rlerini ortadan kald\u0131rmakt\u0131r, iki t\u00fcr fiziksel ve kimyasal k\u00f6p\u00fck giderme y\u00f6ntemi vard\u0131r. Fiziksel k\u00f6p\u00fck giderme, k\u00f6p\u00fck olu\u015fum ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirme ko\u015fullar\u0131 alt\u0131nda k\u00f6p\u00fck \u00e7\u00f6zeltisinin kimyasal bile\u015fimini korumakt\u0131r, \u00f6rne\u011fin d\u0131\u015f rahats\u0131zl\u0131k, s\u0131cakl\u0131k veya bas\u0131n\u00e7 de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri ve ultrasonik i\u015flem k\u00f6p\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ortadan kald\u0131rmak i\u00e7in etkili fiziksel y\u00f6ntemlerdir. Kimyasal k\u00f6p\u00fck giderme y\u00f6ntemi, k\u00f6p\u00fckteki s\u0131v\u0131 filmin g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc azaltmak ve b\u00f6ylece k\u00f6p\u00fck giderme amac\u0131na ula\u015fmak i\u00e7in k\u00f6p\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn stabilitesini azaltmak i\u00e7in belirli maddeler ve k\u00f6p\u00fck olu\u015fturucu madde eklemektir, bu t\u00fcr maddelere k\u00f6p\u00fck gidericiler denir. K\u00f6p\u00fck gidericilerin \u00e7o\u011fu y\u00fczey aktif maddelerdir. Bu nedenle, k\u00f6p\u00fck gidericinin etki mekanizmas\u0131na g\u00f6re, k\u00f6p\u00fck giderici y\u00fczey gerilimini azaltma konusunda g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir yetene\u011fe sahip olmal\u0131, y\u00fczeyde adsorbe edilmesi kolay olmal\u0131 ve y\u00fczey adsorpsiyon molek\u00fcler etkile\u015fimi zay\u0131f olmal\u0131, adsorpsiyon molek\u00fclleri daha rahat bir yap\u0131da d\u00fczenlenmelidir.<\/p>\n \u00c7e\u015fitli k\u00f6p\u00fck kesici t\u00fcrleri vard\u0131r, ancak temelde hepsi noniyonik y\u00fczey aktif maddelerdir. \u0130yonik olmayan y\u00fczey aktif maddeler, bulutlanma noktas\u0131n\u0131n yak\u0131n\u0131nda veya \u00fcst\u00fcnde k\u00f6p\u00fck \u00f6nleyici \u00f6zelliklere sahiptir ve genellikle k\u00f6p\u00fck kesici olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Alkoller, \u00f6zellikle dallanma yap\u0131s\u0131na sahip alkoller, ya\u011f asitleri ve ya\u011f asidi esterleri, poliamidler, fosfat esterleri, silikon ya\u011f\u0131 vb. de yayg\u0131n olarak m\u00fckemmel k\u00f6p\u00fck kesiciler olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc olarak, k\u00f6p\u00fck ve y\u0131kama. K\u00f6p\u00fck ve y\u0131kama etkisi aras\u0131nda do\u011frudan bir ba\u011flant\u0131 yoktur ve k\u00f6p\u00fck miktar\u0131 y\u0131kama etkisinin iyi veya k\u00f6t\u00fc oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermez. \u00d6rne\u011fin, iyonik olmayan y\u00fczey aktif maddelerin k\u00f6p\u00fcrme performans\u0131 sabununkinden \u00e7ok daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr, ancak deterjanlar\u0131 sabununkinden \u00e7ok daha iyidir. Baz\u0131 durumlarda, k\u00f6p\u00fck kiri \u00e7\u0131karmada yard\u0131mc\u0131 olabilir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, evde bula\u015f\u0131k y\u0131karken, deterjan\u0131n k\u00f6p\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ya\u011f damlac\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 alabilir; hal\u0131lar\u0131 f\u0131r\u00e7alarken, k\u00f6p\u00fck toz, toz ve di\u011fer kat\u0131 kirleri almaya yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur. Buna ek olarak, k\u00f6p\u00fck bazen deterjan\u0131n etkinli\u011finin bir i\u015fareti olarak kullan\u0131labilir, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc ya\u011fl\u0131 ya\u011flar\u0131n deterjan\u0131n k\u00f6p\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00fczerinde engelleyici bir etkisi vard\u0131r ve \u00e7ok fazla ya\u011f ve \u00e7ok az deterjan oldu\u011funda, k\u00f6p\u00fck olu\u015fumu olmayacak veya orijinal k\u00f6p\u00fck kaybolacakt\u0131r. K\u00f6p\u00fck bazen durulaman\u0131n temiz olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bir g\u00f6stergesi olarak kullan\u0131labilir, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc durulama \u00e7\u00f6zeltisindeki k\u00f6p\u00fck miktar\u0131 deterjan miktar\u0131 ile azalma e\u011filimindedir, bu nedenle k\u00f6p\u00fck miktar\u0131 durulama derecesini de\u011ferlendirmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131labilir.<\/p>\nAyn\u0131 seri \u00fcr\u00fcnler<\/h2>\n