{"id":4968,"date":"2022-01-05T14:53:55","date_gmt":"2022-01-05T14:53:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/longchangchemical.com\/?p=4968"},"modified":"2022-01-05T14:54:27","modified_gmt":"2022-01-05T14:54:27","slug":"how-to-prepare-test-samples-what-machines-are-there","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/longchangchemical.com\/tr\/how-to-prepare-test-samples-what-machines-are-there\/","title":{"rendered":"Test numuneleri nas\u0131l haz\u0131rlan\u0131r? Hangi makineler var?"},"content":{"rendered":"
  1. N\u00fckleer manyetik rezonans spektrometresi:
    (1) Muayene i\u00e7in sunulan numunenin safl\u0131\u011f\u0131 genellikle >95% olmal\u0131, demir tala\u015f\u0131, toz, filtre ka\u011f\u0131d\u0131 y\u00fcn\u00fc ve di\u011fer safs\u0131zl\u0131klar i\u00e7ermemelidir. Genel olarak, organik madde i\u00e7in gerekli numune miktar\u0131: 1H spektrumu>5mg, 13C spektrumu>15mg, polimerler i\u00e7in gerekli numune miktar\u0131 uygun \u015fekilde art\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.
    (2) S\u0131v\u0131 numune analizi i\u00e7in numunenin belirli bir d\u00f6teryumlu \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcc\u00fcde iyi \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe sahip olmas\u0131 gerekir ve \u00f6nce \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcc\u00fc se\u00e7ilmelidir. Yayg\u0131n olarak bulunan d\u00f6terli \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcc\u00fcler kloroform, a\u011f\u0131r su, metanol, aseton, DMSO, benzen, o-diklorobenzen, asetonitril, piridin, asetik asit ve trifloroasetik asittir.
    (3) Numunenin olas\u0131 yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 veya kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtin. \u00d6zel gereksinimler varsa (alg\u0131lama s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131, spektrum geni\u015fli\u011fi vb. gibi).<\/li>
  2. K\u0131z\u0131l\u00f6tesi spektrometre:
    (1) Yeterli safl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in numune \u00f6nceden safla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r;
    (2) Cihaz\u0131n zarar g\u00f6rmesini \u00f6nlemek ve ayn\u0131 zamanda numune spektrumunda su piklerinin giri\u015fimini \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in numune \u00f6nceden susuzla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131 ve kurutulmal\u0131d\u0131r;
    (3) Erimeye e\u011filimli numuneler i\u00e7in l\u00fctfen saklama i\u00e7in kendi desikat\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcz\u00fc haz\u0131rlay\u0131n;
    (4) U\u00e7ucu, s\u00fcblimle\u015febilen ve \u0131s\u0131ya kar\u015f\u0131 karars\u0131z olan numuneler i\u00e7in s\u0131zd\u0131rmaz kapakl\u0131 veya t\u0131pal\u0131 bir kap kullan\u0131n ve s\u0131k\u0131ca kapat\u0131n;
    (5) Zehirli ve a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 numuneler i\u00e7in, bunlar kapal\u0131 kaplarda paketlenmelidir.<\/li>
  3. Organik k\u00fctle spektrometresi:
    Ba\u011f\u0131l molek\u00fcler k\u00fctlesi 50 ~ 2000u olan s\u0131v\u0131 ve kat\u0131 organik bile\u015fik \u00f6rneklerini analiz etmek i\u00e7in uygundur. Numune tek bir bile\u015fen kadar saf olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>
  4. Gaz kromatografisi-k\u00fctle spektrometresi:
    Gaz kromatografi f\u0131r\u0131n\u0131na giren numune, kromatografik kolonun \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 aral\u0131\u011f\u0131nda tamamen buharla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>
  5. S\u0131v\u0131 kromatografi-k\u00fctle spektrometresi:
    (1) Yan\u0131c\u0131, patlay\u0131c\u0131, zehirli ve a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 numuneler i\u015faretlenmelidir.
    (2) Analiz sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n do\u011frulu\u011funu ve g\u00fcvenilirli\u011fini sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in numunelerin mekanik safs\u0131zl\u0131klar olmadan tamamen \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f olmas\u0131 gerekir.
    (3) \u0130yonizasyon y\u00f6ntemini se\u00e7mek i\u00e7in numunenin yap\u0131sal form\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fc, molek\u00fcler a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 veya fonksiyonel gruplar\u0131n\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funca sa\u011flay\u0131n; (4) S\u0131v\u0131 kromatografi-k\u00fctle spektrometresi kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, t\u00fcm tampon sistemleri asetik asit, amonyum asetat, hidrojen gibi u\u00e7ucu tamponlar kullanmal\u0131d\u0131r Tetrab\u00fctilamonyum oksit vb. ile form\u00fcle edilmi\u015ftir.<\/li>
  6. U\u00e7u\u015f zaman\u0131 k\u00fctle spektrometresi:
    (1) Numune t\u00fcr\u00fc, bile\u015fimi ve numune boyutu
    Cihaz, peptit ve proteinlerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra polisakkaritler, n\u00fckleik asitler ve y\u00fcksek molek\u00fcler polimerler, sentetik oligomerler ve C60 veya C60 greftleri gibi nispeten k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck molek\u00fcler a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011fa sahip baz\u0131 organik maddeler gibi di\u011fer biyolojik makromolek\u00fclleri \u00f6l\u00e7mede iyidir. Test edilecek numune tek bile\u015fenli veya \u00e7ok bile\u015fenli olabilir, ancak numune bile\u015fenleri ne kadar fazla olursa, spektrum o kadar karma\u015f\u0131k ve spektrum analizi o kadar zor olur; iyonizasyon i\u015flemi s\u0131ras\u0131nda bile\u015fenler aras\u0131nda kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 inhibisyon varsa, her bile\u015fenin piklere sahip oldu\u011fu garanti edilmeyebilir. Rutin tayin i\u00e7in numune hacmi yakla\u015f\u0131k 1-10 pikomol\/mikrolitredir.
    (2) Numunenin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc
    Test edilecek numune uygun bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcc\u00fcde, tercihen \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnmemi\u015f bir kat\u0131 veya saf s\u0131v\u0131 i\u00e7inde \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcr olmal\u0131d\u0131r.
    (3) Safl\u0131k
    Y\u00fcksek kaliteli k\u00fctle spektrumlar\u0131 elde etmek i\u00e7in peptit ve protein \u00f6rnekleri sodyum klor\u00fcr, kalsiyum Goal Y\u00fcksek kaliteli k\u00fctle spektrumlar\u0131 elde etmek i\u00e7in peptit ve protein \u00f6rnekleri sodyum klor\u00fcr, kalsiyum klor\u00fcr, potasyum hidrojen fosfat, dimetil s\u00fclfoksit, \u00fcre, gliserol, trinitrotoluen, tween, dodesil s\u00fclfat gibi kimyasal maddelerden ka\u00e7\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r. Test numunesi \u00f6n i\u015flem s\u00fcrecinde yukar\u0131daki reaktiflerin kullan\u0131m\u0131ndan ka\u00e7\u0131nam\u0131yorsa, numune diyaliz ve y\u00fcksek performansl\u0131 s\u0131v\u0131 kromatografisi ile safla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Su, amonyum format, amonyum asetat, amonyum bikarbonat, asetonitril, trifloroasetik asit vb. numunelerin safla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in uygun reaktiflerdir. Numunedeki tuz, iyon de\u011fi\u015ftirme y\u00f6ntemiyle giderilebilir. Protein numunesi safla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funca liyofilize edilmelidir.<\/li>
  7. Ultraviyole-g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr absorpsiyon spektrometresi:
    (1) Numune \u00e7\u00f6zeltisinin konsantrasyonu uygun olmal\u0131, berrak ve \u015feffaf olmal\u0131, kabarc\u0131k veya as\u0131l\u0131 madde olmamal\u0131d\u0131r;
    (2) Kat\u0131 numune miktar\u0131 > 0,2 g ve s\u0131v\u0131 numune miktar\u0131 > 2 ml.<\/li>
  8. Gaz kromatograf\u0131:
    Do\u011frudan analiz edilebilen numuneler u\u00e7ucu ve termal olarak kararl\u0131 olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Kaynama noktas\u0131 genellikle 300 \u2103'den fazla de\u011fildir. Numune do\u011frudan enjekte edilemiyorsa, \u00f6n i\u015flem gereklidir.<\/li>
  9. S\u0131v\u0131 kromatograf:
    Numune kuru olmal\u0131d\u0131r ve test edilecek bile\u015fenin yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak en iyisidir; karma\u015f\u0131k numuneler i\u00e7in, numunede ba\u015fka hangi bile\u015fenlerin olabilece\u011fini m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funca sa\u011flay\u0131n.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n
    1. Element analiz\u00f6r\u00fc:
      (1) Numune, adsorbe edilmi\u015f su i\u00e7ermeyen ve safla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f tek tip bir kat\u0131 partik\u00fcl veya s\u0131v\u0131 olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Numune saf de\u011filse (adsorbe su, organik \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcc\u00fc, inorganik tuz veya di\u011fer safs\u0131zl\u0131klar i\u00e7eriyorsa), analiz sonucunu etkileyecek ve test de\u011ferinin hesaplanan de\u011ferle tutars\u0131z olmas\u0131na neden olacakt\u0131r;
      (3) Numune, y\u00f6ntemin ve cihaz\u0131n do\u011frusall\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve hassasiyetini kar\u015f\u0131lamak i\u00e7in yeterli miktarda olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>
    2. \u0130yon kromatograf\u0131:
      Numune suda veya seyreltik asit veya alkalide \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnebilir ve kullan\u0131lan asit veya alkali test edilecek iyonlar\u0131 i\u00e7ermemelidir. Test edilecek elementi i\u00e7eren ancak su, asit ve alkali \u00e7\u00f6zeltilerinde iyonik olmayan bir durumda bulunan bile\u015fikler i\u00e7in, ilgili numune \u00f6n i\u015flemi gereklidir.<\/li>
    3. Plazma atomik emisyon spektrometresi:
      Ana bile\u015fenleri, safs\u0131zl\u0131k bile\u015fenlerini ve bunlar\u0131n (tahmini) i\u00e7eri\u011fini m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funca listeleyin; test edilecek elementlerin en d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck (tahmini) i\u00e7eri\u011fi nedir? \u00c7\u00f6zelti i\u00e7in, ortam bile\u015fimini (\u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcc\u00fc, asit ve baz t\u00fcr\u00fc ve (tahmini) i\u00e7eri\u011fi), flor (F-) i\u00e7erip i\u00e7ermedi\u011fini belirtin. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc flor (F-) atomiz\u00f6r\u00fc ciddi \u015fekilde korozyona u\u011fratacakt\u0131r!
      \u2461 Kat\u0131 numune, organik madde i\u00e7ermeyen, nihai asitli\u011fi 1 mol olarak kontrol edilen ve numune boyutu: 5-50 ml olan bir \u00e7\u00f6zelti haline getirilmelidir. Ask\u0131da kat\u0131 maddeler veya \u00e7\u00f6keltiler i\u00e7eriyorsa, filtreledi\u011finizden emin olun.
      \u2462 Numunenin bir \u00e7\u00f6zelti halinde i\u015flenmesi gerekmektedir.<\/li>
    4. Atomik floresan spektrometresi:
      (1) Numune analizi i\u00e7in genel gereklilikler
      Atomik floresans spektrometresi taraf\u0131ndan analiz edilen nesneler arsenik (As), selenyum (Se), germanyum (Ge), tell\u00fcr (Te) vb. ve iyon hallerinde bulunan c\u0131va (Hg) atomlar\u0131d\u0131r. Numune sulu bir \u00e7\u00f6zelti veya asitte \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcr olmal\u0131d\u0131r.
      (2) Kat\u0131 numuneler
      \u2460 \u0130norganik kat\u0131 numune, numune basit \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnmeden sonra uygun asitli\u011fi korur.
      Arsenik (As), selenyum (Se), tell\u00fcr (Te), c\u0131va (Hg) tespitinde ortam hidroklorik asittir (5%, v\/v);
      Germanyumu (Ge) tespit etmek i\u00e7in ortam s\u00fclf\u00fcrik asittir (5%, v\/v);
      C\u0131va (Hg) tespiti i\u00e7in ortam nitrik asit (5%, v\/v) ve tespit (As) ortam\u0131 da s\u00fclf\u00fcrik asit (2%, v\/v) olabilir.
      Bak\u0131r, g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f, alt\u0131n, platin ve di\u011fer metaller \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclecek elementlerle daha fazla etkile\u015fime sahip oldu\u011fundan, bu t\u00fcr ala\u015f\u0131m \u00f6rneklerinde arsenik, selenyum, tell\u00fcr ve c\u0131va bu cihazla belirlenmemelidir.
      \u2461Organik veya biyolojik kat\u0131 numuneler
      Numune bir \u00e7\u00f6zelti halinde nitratlan\u0131r ve uygun asitli\u011fi korur. Ortam\u0131n asitli\u011fi inorganik numuneninki ile ayn\u0131d\u0131r.
      (3) Numunede test edilecek elementler i\u00e7in limit gereklilikleri
      Cihaz\u0131n hassasiyeti ve analiz metodu ile belirlenen, numunede \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclecek elementin alt ve \u00fcst limitleri 0,05 \u03bcg\/g ~ 500 \u03bcg\/g'd\u0131r. Bu i\u00e7erik aral\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki numunelerin bu cihazla tespit edilmesi, tespit sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n do\u011frulu\u011funu ve g\u00fcvenilirli\u011fini garanti etmeyecektir.
      (4) \u00d6rneklem b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc
      Tespit edilecek her bir element i\u00e7in kat\u0131 numune miktar\u0131 en az 2 g, s\u0131v\u0131 numune miktar\u0131 en az 20 mL ve su numunesi en az 100 mL olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>
    5. Diferansiyel taramal\u0131 kalorimetre:
      Kat\u0131 numuneler test edilen s\u0131cakl\u0131k aral\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ayr\u0131\u015fmayacak veya s\u00fcblimle\u015fmeyecek ve u\u00e7ucu madde \u00fcretilmeyecektir. Numune boyutu: tek bir testte inorganik veya organik maddeler i\u00e7in en az 20 mg ve ila\u00e7lar i\u00e7in en az 5 mg.<\/li>
    6. Termogravimetrik analiz\u00f6r:
      \u00d6rnek boyutu: 30 mg'dan az olmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Alg\u0131lama s\u0131cakl\u0131k aral\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, deney atmosferini (hava, N2 veya Ar), \u0131s\u0131tma h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131, gaz ak\u0131\u015f h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 (\u00f6zel gereksinimler varsa) belirtin.<\/li><\/ol>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      N\u00fckleer manyetik rezonans spektrometresi: (1) Muayene i\u00e7in sunulan numunenin safl\u0131\u011f\u0131 genellikle >95% olmal\u0131, demir tala\u015f\u0131, toz, filtre ka\u011f\u0131d\u0131 y\u00fcn\u00fc ve di\u011fer safs\u0131zl\u0131klar i\u00e7ermemelidir. Genel olarak, organik madde i\u00e7in gerekli numune miktar\u0131: 1H spektrumu>5mg, 13C spektrumu>15mg, polimerler i\u00e7in gerekli numune miktar\u0131 uygun \u015fekilde art\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. (2) S\u0131v\u0131 numune analizi i\u00e7in, [...]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[106],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4968","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-laboratory-news"],"yoast_head":"\nHow to prepare test samples? 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