{"id":4968,"date":"2022-01-05T14:53:55","date_gmt":"2022-01-05T14:53:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/longchangchemical.com\/?p=4968"},"modified":"2026-04-28T10:41:54","modified_gmt":"2026-04-28T10:41:54","slug":"how-to-prepare-test-samples-what-machines-are-there","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/longchangchemical.com\/id\/how-to-prepare-test-samples-what-machines-are-there\/","title":{"rendered":"Bagaimana cara menyiapkan sampel uji? Mesin apa saja yang tersedia?"},"content":{"rendered":"<!-- lc-qa-start -->\n<p><strong>Quick answer:<\/strong> For UV monomer and resin selection, the key commercial question is not \u201cwhich material is best in general\u201d but \u201cwhich package delivers the right balance of flow, cure, adhesion, and durability in the real application.\u201d<\/p>\n<!-- lc-qa-end -->\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Spektrometer resonansi magnetik nuklir:<br>(1) Kemurnian sampel yang diserahkan untuk pemeriksaan umumnya harus &gt;95%, bebas dari serbuk besi, debu, wol kertas saring, dan kotoran lainnya. Umumnya, jumlah sampel yang diperlukan untuk bahan organik: Spektrum 1H&gt; 5mg, spektrum 13C&gt; 15mg, jumlah sampel yang diperlukan untuk polimer harus ditingkatkan dengan tepat.<br>(2) Untuk analisis sampel cair, sampel harus memiliki kelarutan yang baik dalam pelarut deuterasi tertentu, dan pelarut harus dipilih terlebih dahulu. Pelarut deuterasi yang umum tersedia adalah kloroform, air berat, metanol, aseton, DMSO, benzena, o-diklorobenzena, asetonitril, piridin, asam asetat, dan asam trifluoroasetat.<br>(3) Berikan kemungkinan struktur atau sumber sampel. Jika ada persyaratan khusus (seperti suhu deteksi, lebar spektrum, dll.).<\/li><li>Spektrometer inframerah:<br>(1) Sampel harus dimurnikan terlebih dahulu untuk memastikan kemurnian yang memadai;<br>(2) Sampel harus dikeringkan dan dikeringkan terlebih dahulu untuk menghindari kerusakan pada instrumen dan pada saat yang sama untuk menghindari gangguan puncak air pada spektrum sampel;<br>(3) Untuk sampel yang rentan terhadap deliquescent, siapkan desikator Anda sendiri untuk penyimpanan;<br>(4) Untuk sampel yang mudah menguap, mudah menyublim, dan tidak stabil terhadap panas, gunakan wadah dengan tutup atau sumbat yang tertutup rapat dan tutup dengan rapat;<br>(5) Untuk sampel beracun dan korosif, sampel harus dikemas dalam wadah tertutup.<\/li><li>Spektrometer massa organik:<br>Sangat cocok untuk menganalisis sampel senyawa organik cair dan padat dengan massa molekul relatif 50 ~ 2000u. Sampel harus semurni komponen tunggal.<\/li><li>Kromatografi gas-spektrometer massa:<br>Sampel yang masuk ke dalam tungku kromatografi gas harus diuapkan seluruhnya dalam kisaran suhu kerja kolom kromatografi.<\/li><li>Kromatografi cair-spektrometer massa:<br>(1) Sampel yang mudah terbakar, meledak, beracun, dan korosif harus diberi tanda.<br>(2) Untuk memastikan keakuratan dan keandalan hasil analisis, sampel harus benar-benar larut tanpa pengotor mekanis.<br>(3) Berikan rumus struktur, berat molekul atau gugus fungsi sampel sebanyak mungkin untuk memilih metode ionisasi; (4) Ketika kromatografi cair-spektrometri massa digunakan, semua sistem penyangga harus menggunakan penyangga yang mudah menguap, seperti asam asetat, amonium asetat, hidrogen yang diformulasikan dengan tetrabutilamonium oksida, dll.<\/li><li>Spektrometer massa waktu penerbangan:<br>(1) Jenis, komposisi, dan ukuran sampel spesimen<br>Instrumen ini baik dalam mengukur peptida dan protein, serta makromolekul biologis lainnya seperti polisakarida, asam nukleat dan polimer molekul tinggi, oligomer sintetis, dan beberapa zat organik dengan berat molekul yang relatif kecil, seperti cangkok C60 atau C60. Sampel yang akan diuji dapat berupa komponen tunggal atau multi-komponen, tetapi semakin banyak komponen sampel, semakin kompleks spektrum dan semakin sulit analisis spektrumnya; jika ada penghambatan timbal balik antara komponen selama proses ionisasi, mungkin tidak dijamin bahwa setiap komponen memiliki puncak. Volume sampel untuk penentuan rutin adalah sekitar 1-10 pikomol\/mikroliter.<br>(2) Kelarutan sampel<br>Sampel yang akan diuji harus larut dalam pelarut yang sesuai, lebih disukai padatan yang tidak larut atau cairan murni.<br>(3) Kemurnian<br>Untuk mendapatkan spektrum massa berkualitas tinggi, sampel peptida dan protein harus menghindari natrium klorida, kalsium Tujuan Untuk mendapatkan spektrum massa berkualitas tinggi, sampel peptida dan protein harus menghindari natrium klorida, kalsium klorida, kalium hidrogen fosfat, dimetil sulfoksida, urea, gliserol, trinitrotoluena, tween, dodesil sulfat Zat kimia seperti natrium. Jika sampel uji tidak dapat menghindari penggunaan reagen di atas dalam proses pra-perlakuan, sampel harus dimurnikan dengan dialisis dan kromatografi cair kinerja tinggi. Air, amonium format, amonium asetat, amonium bikarbonat, asetonitril, asam trifluoroasetat, dll. Semuanya merupakan reagen yang cocok untuk memurnikan sampel. Garam dalam sampel dapat dihilangkan dengan metode pertukaran ion. Setelah sampel protein dimurnikan, sampel harus diliofilisasi sebanyak mungkin.<\/li><li>Spektrometer serapan ultraviolet-tampak:<br>(1) Konsentrasi larutan sampel harus sesuai, dan harus jernih dan transparan, serta tidak boleh ada gelembung atau zat tersuspensi;<br>(2) Jumlah sampel padat &gt; 0,2 g, dan jumlah sampel cair &gt; 2 ml.<\/li><li>Kromatografi gas:<br>Sampel yang dapat dianalisis secara langsung harus mudah menguap dan stabil secara termal. Titik didih umumnya tidak lebih dari 300 \u2103. Jika sampel tidak dapat disuntikkan secara langsung, diperlukan perlakuan awal.<\/li><li>Kromatografi cair:<br>Sampel harus kering, dan yang terbaik adalah memberikan struktur komponen yang akan diuji; untuk sampel yang kompleks, sedapat mungkin berikan komponen lain yang mungkin ada dalam sampel.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" start=\"10\"><li>Penganalisis elemen:<br>(1) Sampel harus berupa partikel padat atau cairan seragam yang tidak mengandung air yang teradsorpsi dan telah dimurnikan. Jika sampel tidak murni (mengandung air yang teradsorpsi, pelarut organik, garam anorganik, atau pengotor lainnya), hal ini akan memengaruhi hasil analisis, sehingga menyebabkan nilai pengujian tidak konsisten dengan nilai yang dihitung;<br>(3) Sampel harus memiliki jumlah yang cukup untuk memenuhi linearitas dan sensitivitas metode dan instrumen.<\/li><li>Kromatografi ion:<br>Sampel dapat larut dalam air, atau asam encer atau alkali, dan asam atau alkali yang digunakan tidak boleh mengandung ion yang akan diuji. Untuk senyawa yang mengandung unsur yang akan diuji tetapi berada dalam keadaan non-ionik dalam larutan air, asam, dan alkali, diperlukan perlakuan awal sampel yang sesuai.<\/li><li>Spektrometer emisi atom plasma:<br>\u2460Daftar sejauh mungkin komponen utama, komponen pengotor, dan (perkiraan) kandungannya; berapa kandungan (perkiraan) terendah dari elemen yang akan diuji? Untuk larutan, sebutkan komposisi medium (jenis pelarut, asam dan basa serta (perkiraan) kandungannya), apakah mengandung fluor (F-) atau tidak? Karena fluor (F-) akan menimbulkan korosi serius pada alat penyemprot!<br>\u2461Sampel padat harus dibuat menjadi larutan yang tidak mengandung bahan organik apa pun, keasaman akhir dikontrol hingga 1 mol, dan ukuran sampel: 5-50 ml. Jika mengandung padatan tersuspensi atau endapan, pastikan untuk menyaringnya.<br>\u2462Sampel harus diproses menjadi larutan.<\/li><li>Spektrometer fluoresensi atom:<br>(1) Persyaratan umum untuk analisis sampel<br>Objek yang dianalisis oleh spektrometer fluoresensi atom adalah arsenik (As), selenium (Se), germanium (Ge), telurium (Te), dll., serta atom merkuri (Hg) yang ada dalam bentuk ion. Sampel harus berupa larutan air atau larut dalam asam.<br>(2) Sampel padat<br>(1)Sampel padat anorganik, sampel mempertahankan keasaman yang tepat setelah pelarutan sederhana.<br>Mendeteksi arsenik (As), selenium (Se), telurium (Te), merkuri (Hg), medianya adalah asam klorida (5%, v\/v);<br>Mendeteksi germanium (Ge), medianya adalah asam sulfat (5%, v\/v);<br>Untuk deteksi merkuri (Hg), media juga dapat berupa asam nitrat (5%, v\/v), dan media deteksi (As) juga dapat berupa asam sulfat (2%, v\/v).<br>Karena tembaga, perak, emas, platinum, dan logam lainnya memiliki gangguan yang lebih besar terhadap elemen yang akan diukur, arsenik, selenium, tellurium, dan merkuri dalam jenis sampel paduan ini tidak boleh ditentukan oleh instrumen ini.<br>\u2461Sampel padat organik atau biologis<br>Sampel dinitrasi ke dalam larutan dan mempertahankan keasaman yang tepat. Keasaman medium sama dengan sampel anorganik.<br>(3) Persyaratan batas untuk elemen yang akan diuji dalam sampel<br>Ditentukan oleh sensitivitas instrumen dan metode analisis, batas atas dan bawah elemen yang akan diukur dalam sampel adalah 0,05 \u03bcg\/g ~ 500 \u03bcg\/g. Deteksi sampel di luar rentang kandungan ini dengan instrumen ini tidak akan menjamin keakuratan dan keandalan hasil deteksi.<br>(4) Ukuran sampel<br>Untuk setiap elemen yang akan dideteksi, jumlah sampel padat tidak kurang dari 2 g, jumlah sampel cair tidak kurang dari 20 mL, dan sampel air tidak kurang dari 100 mL.<\/li><li>Kalorimeter pemindaian diferensial:<br>Sampel padat tidak akan terurai atau menyublim dalam kisaran suhu yang diuji, dan tidak ada bahan yang mudah menguap yang akan dihasilkan. Ukuran sampel: tidak kurang dari 20mg untuk bahan anorganik atau organik dan tidak kurang dari 5mg untuk obat dalam satu kali pengujian.<\/li><li>Penganalisis termogravimetri:<br>Ukuran sampel: tidak kurang dari 30mg. Tunjukkan kisaran suhu deteksi, atmosfer eksperimental (udara, N2 atau Ar), laju pemanasan, laju aliran gas (jika ada persyaratan khusus).<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n<!-- lc-commercial-start -->\n<h2>How buyers usually evaluate UV monomers and resin systems<\/h2>\n<p>Most successful UV formulations are built by choosing the backbone first and then tuning the reactive monomer package around the substrate, cure method, and end-use stress. That usually produces a more stable result than choosing materials by viscosity or price alone.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Start from the final property target:<\/strong> hardness, flexibility, adhesion, and shrinkage rarely point to exactly the same raw-material package.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Screen the reactive package as a whole:<\/strong> oligomer, monomer, and photoinitiator choices interact strongly in UV systems.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Use viscosity as a tool, not the only decision rule:<\/strong> the easiest-processing material is not always the one that performs best after cure.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Check the real substrate:<\/strong> plastic, metal, label film, gel systems, and coatings can reward very different polarity and cure-density balances.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Recommended product references<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/longchangchemical.com\/id\/product\/cas-270586-78-2\/\">CHLUMINIT TMO<\/a>:<\/strong> A valuable comparison point when lower yellowing or TPO-replacement discussions matter.<\/li>\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/longchangchemical.com\/id\/product\/hpma-monomer-cas-27813-02-1\/\">CHLUMICRYL HPMA<\/a>:<\/strong> Useful when more polarity and adhesion support are needed in the reactive package.<\/li>\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/longchangchemical.com\/id\/product\/iboa-monomer-cas-5888-33-5\/\">CHLUMICRYL IBOA<\/a>:<\/strong> A strong low-viscosity monomer reference when hardness and good flow both matter.<\/li>\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/longchangchemical.com\/id\/product\/tmpta-cas-15625-89-5\/\">CHLUMICRYL TMPTA<\/a>:<\/strong> A standard reactive monomer benchmark when stronger crosslink density is required.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>FAQ for buyers and formulators<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Can one UV monomer or resin solve every formulation problem?<\/strong><br \/>Usually no. Commercially strong formulas depend on how several components work together to balance cure, adhesion, flow, and durability.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Why should monomers be screened together with oligomers?<\/strong><br \/>Because monomers can change viscosity, cure rate, shrinkage, and substrate behavior enough to alter the final ranking of the same backbone resin.<\/p>\n<!-- lc-commercial-end -->","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer:(1) The purity of the sample submitted for inspection should generally be >95%, free of iron filings, dust, filter paper wool and other impurities. 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